Nephrolithiasis & Renal Colic (Kidney Stones)
Formation of mineral concretions in renal calyces causing ureteral obstructive spasm
Educational content only — not medical advice.
Anatomy
Excruciating colicky flank pain radiating to the ipsilateral groin and scrotum/labia, gross or microscopic hematuria, urinary urgency.
Action
Urinary supersaturation with calcium oxalate or uric acid precipitates crystallization when inhibitors (citrate) fail; stone impaction in ureter triggers hyperperistalsis and hydronephrosis.
Clinical notes
Non-contrast helical CT of kidneys and bladder is gold standard. Stones < 5 mm frequently pass with alpha-blockers; larger stones require ESWL or ureteroscopy.